What characterizes a trade war?

A trade war is primarily characterized by countries imposing tariffs or other restrictions against each other in response to similar actions. This form of economic conflict typically arises when one country initiates tariffs or trade barriers, prompting the affected country to retaliate with its own set of tariffs or restrictions. This cycle can escalate, leading to increasing trade tensions that can adversely affect economic relationships and global trade dynamics.

In contrast, the other scenarios involve cooperation or agreements aimed at reducing trade barriers rather than creating them. Establishing free trade zones and forming partnerships for mutual benefits both focus on promoting trade by eliminating or decreasing tariffs and fostering collaboration. Similarly, voluntary agreements to reduce tariffs indicate a willingness to cooperate rather than engage in conflict, which further distinguishes these options from the nature of a trade war.